{"id":2461,"date":"2016-09-27T22:25:39","date_gmt":"2016-09-27T22:25:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.courses.tegabrain.com\/2016\/PVA2\/?page_id=2461"},"modified":"2016-09-27T22:36:52","modified_gmt":"2016-09-27T22:36:52","slug":"marking-time","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.courses.tegabrain.com\/2016\/PVA2\/marking-time\/","title":{"rendered":"Marking Time"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Many examples in this lecture\u00a0are from:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Golan Levin, <a href=\"http:\/\/golancourses.net\/2015\/lectures\/visualizing-time\/\">Visualizing Time<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Paolo Perdicini,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/cmuems.com\/2013\/b\/visualizing-time\/\">Visualizing Time<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Joshua Foer,<em> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cabinetmagazine.org\/issues\/29\/foer.php\" target=\"_blank\">A Minor History of Time Without Clocks<\/a><\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>History of Measuring Time<\/h2>\n<p>Measuring and visualizing\u00a0time is long running human project\u00a0that brings\u00a0together histories of technological experimentation, politics, religion and environmental measurement and observation. Early\u00a0attempts to measure time were often based on environmental observations such as tracking the position of the sun, or measuring the movement of sand or water through a device or through observing other organisms.<\/p>\n<p>The first timekeeper is likely\u00a0the gnomon, a vertical rod that casts its shadow on the ground.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.courses.tegabrain.com\/PVA15\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/gnomon.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-203\" src=\"http:\/\/www.courses.tegabrain.com\/PVA15\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/gnomon-1024x992.jpg\" alt=\"gnomon\" width=\"1024\" height=\"992\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>A similar strategy is used in sun dials that have also been found to exist since BC\u00a01500 in ancient Rome and Greece.<\/p>\n<p>Hour glasses were used in churches to time the length of the sermon; long sermons were especially popular in the 17th century, and could easily stretch to three hours or more.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.courses.tegabrain.com\/PVA15\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/hour_glass.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-204\" src=\"http:\/\/www.courses.tegabrain.com\/PVA15\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/hour_glass.jpg\" alt=\"hour_glass\" width=\"314\" height=\"500\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>In the 1800s\u00a0Carl Linnaeus who invented our system of taxonomy made flower clocks and calendars\u00a0popular. He claimed that the time could accurately be told by observing several types of flowers and how they open close and track the sun. Gardeners would make elaborate plantings of these different types of flowers to show the passage of the year.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.courses.tegabrain.com\/PVA15\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Blumenuhr_FINAL.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-205 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/www.courses.tegabrain.com\/PVA15\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Blumenuhr_FINAL.jpg\" alt=\"Blumenuhr_FINAL\" width=\"460\" height=\"460\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>For a more contemporary attempt\u00a0of telling the time by observing\u00a0other organisms, <a href=\"http:\/\/tegabrain.com\/The-Phenology-Clock\">the Phenology Clock<\/a>, maps the timing of events in different species lives across a year.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.courses.tegabrain.com\/PVA15\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/clocks_1.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-210\" src=\"http:\/\/www.courses.tegabrain.com\/PVA15\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/clocks_1-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"clocks_1\" width=\"1024\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Time and Networks<\/h2>\n<p>The introduction of railways across Europe and the USA in the 1800s created a need for time synchronicity across distances.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.courses.tegabrain.com\/PVA15\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Screen-Shot-2015-10-06-at-2.45.47-PM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-211\" src=\"http:\/\/www.courses.tegabrain.com\/PVA15\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Screen-Shot-2015-10-06-at-2.45.47-PM-1024x644.png\" alt=\"Screen Shot 2015-10-06 at 2.45.47 PM\" width=\"1024\" height=\"644\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Today, computer networks continue to\u00a0drive the development of technologies to synchronize time more precisely.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.courses.tegabrain.com\/PVA15\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Screen-Shot-2015-10-06-at-2.47.01-PM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-212\" src=\"http:\/\/www.courses.tegabrain.com\/PVA15\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Screen-Shot-2015-10-06-at-2.47.01-PM-1024x585.png\" alt=\"Screen Shot 2015-10-06 at 2.47.01 PM\" width=\"1024\" height=\"585\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Different Design Approaches to Time<\/h2>\n<p>Time zones clock<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.courses.tegabrain.com\/PVA15\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/dzn_The-bend-hand-10.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-218\" src=\"http:\/\/www.courses.tegabrain.com\/PVA15\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/dzn_The-bend-hand-10.jpg\" alt=\"dzn_The-bend-hand-10\" width=\"468\" height=\"468\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/width=&quot;720&quot; height=&quot;405&quot;\">http:\/\/www.dezeen.com\/2010\/07\/26\/the-bent-hands-by-giha-woo-and-shingoeun\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Knitting Clock<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.courses.tegabrain.com\/PVA15\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Elise-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-220\" src=\"http:\/\/www.courses.tegabrain.com\/PVA15\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Elise-1.jpg\" alt=\"Elise-1\" width=\"595\" height=\"863\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.sirenelisewilhelmsen.com\">www.sirenelisewilhelmsen.com<\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Time and art<\/h2>\n<p><strong>John Maeda 12 o\u2019clocks<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/cmuems.com\/2016\/60212\/lectures\/lecture-09-09b-clocks\/maedas-clocks\/\">Thank you Golan for porting all 12 of these clocks to GIFs.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2465\" src=\"https:\/\/www.courses.tegabrain.com\/2016\/PVA2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/maeda-09.gif\" alt=\"maeda-09\" width=\"635\" height=\"475\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Here\u2019s <em><a href=\"http:\/\/dezeen.com\/2009\/06\/07\/sweeper-clock-by-maarten-baas\/\" target=\"_blank\">Sweeper Clock<\/a><\/em> by Maarten Bas, a movie featuring two men with brooms pushing lines of debris to form moving clock hands.<br \/>\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/11164881\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Last Clock<br \/>\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/27975734\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Another, <em><a href=\"http:\/\/alltheminutes.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">All the Minutes<\/a><\/em> is a clock comprised of tweets about the current time.<\/p>\n<p>A\u00a0well-known\u00a0\u2018crowdsourced\u2019 clock (in a different sense) is Christian Marclay\u2019s <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Clock_%282010_film%29\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Clock<\/em><\/a>, a 24-hour film made up of six or seven thousand clips, each of which either says or displays the (actual) time of day or makes a cogent reference to time.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/xp4EUryS6ac\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/BXbQw0rE5UE\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Many examples in this lecture\u00a0are from: Golan Levin, Visualizing Time Paolo Perdicini,\u00a0Visualizing Time Joshua Foer, A Minor History of Time Without Clocks History of Measuring Time Measuring and visualizing\u00a0time is long running human project\u00a0that brings\u00a0together histories of technological experimentation, politics, religion and environmental measurement and observation. Early\u00a0attempts to measure time were often based on environmental &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.courses.tegabrain.com\/2016\/PVA2\/marking-time\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Marking Time&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2461","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.courses.tegabrain.com\/2016\/PVA2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2461","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.courses.tegabrain.com\/2016\/PVA2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.courses.tegabrain.com\/2016\/PVA2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.courses.tegabrain.com\/2016\/PVA2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.courses.tegabrain.com\/2016\/PVA2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2461"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.courses.tegabrain.com\/2016\/PVA2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2461\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2467,"href":"https:\/\/www.courses.tegabrain.com\/2016\/PVA2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2461\/revisions\/2467"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.courses.tegabrain.com\/2016\/PVA2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2461"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}